Butterfield v. Forrester

Butterfield v. Forrester Free Online Research Papers The social issues that society was initially attempting to comprehend were the means by which to evenhandedly resolve issues of risk in carelessness cases. On account of Butterfield v. Forrester (1809), the offended party was harmed in the wake of striking an impediment in the roadway. The respondent while making fixes to his home put a post over the street. The offended party, who had quite recently gone out as it approached dull, while riding his pony brutally through the avenues, struck the post and was truly harmed. An observer expressed that if the offended party had not been riding so carelessly he would have watched the shaft. There was no proof the offended party was inebriated at that point. There was nothing to state what suitable conduct was, so the appointed authority made the sensible man standard. The sensible man standard expresses that each human has an obligation to act sensibly; in this manner, a sensible man would not have discouraged the street. The respondent countersued the offended party for carelessness for hustling through an involved region around evening time. The appointed authority needed to make another standard in light of the fact that the two gatherings were careless. The appointed authority found that it was not reasonable for the offended party to get recuperation on the off chance that the person added to their own physical issue. The legitimate guideline that was made to take care of this issue was contributory carelessness, which expressed that if a plaintiff’s own carelessness was a contributing reason for his physical issue, he was banished from recuperating from a careless respondent. The issue with this standard is that it frequently prompts unjust outcomes. For instance, if a respondent is seen as ninety-nine percent careless and the offended party just a single percent careless, under this standard the offended party is as yet banned from recuperation. Additionally, if there is no discipline and nobody held at risk there would not be any motivation to act with carefulness. Progressively individuals start to scrutinize the shamefulness of this decision and it made considerably more issues. The social issue that society was presently confronted with was attempting to lighten the brutality of the utilization of the contributory carelessness rule, which bars recuperation for the offended party on the off chance that they were at all careless. On account of Davis v. Mann (1842), the offended party secured his donkey’s feet to ward it from running off and the jackass was left by the roadside. The respondent was an entrepreneur who employed a man to convey his brew so as to minimize his expenses. The respondent’s driver was descending in his cart at a rapid and hit the jackass and slaughtered it. This case presented the respondent prevalent guideline, which held businesses at risk for their representatives activities. Mann countersued dependent on the contributory carelessness rule since Davis overstepped the law when he tied up his donkey’s feet and left it by the street. The adjudicator needed to make another standard, which was â€Å"the last clear p ossibility doctrine†, which is a regulation in the law of torts that expresses that a careless offended party can recoup harms on the off chance that they can show that the respondent had the last chance to keep away from the mishap. A portion of the issues that rose up out of this standard were that the individual with the last clear possibility may have just been five percent careless and another person contributed substantially more to the carelessness than the individual being considered responsible. This was quite often the case after the Industrial Revolution The social issue that society was attempting to fathom was that the Industrial Revolution presented overwhelming hardware and in this setting, the laborer consistently had the last clear possibility, which made unsteadiness. On account of British Columbia Electric Railway v. Loach (1915), Benjamin Sands was driving in a cart and drove it over a railroad track, while an approaching train was close. His traveler leaped out. Sands was struck and slaughtered. The train had broken brakes which were found the day of the mishap. In the event that the brakes had been working, the train would have halted. This case presented the proximate reason rule, which is the essential driver of a physical issue. It’s a demonstration from which a physical issue results as a characteristic, immediate, continuous outcome and without which the injury would not have happened. The issue with this standard is that it is incredibly befuddling and in application difficult for a jury to grasp and handle. The social issue that society was currently attempting to unravel is the means by which to share risk between the offended party and the respondent, so that it’s reasonable and simple for a jury to comprehend. On account of Maki v. Frelk (1968), the respondent ran a stop sign going at a fast and was accused of many criminal traffic offenses. This case occurred in a purview that was all the while utilizing the contributory carelessness rule, making Maki mindful, in light of the fact that he could have eased back down and forestalled the mishap. The Maki family requested that the court embrace the similar carelessness rule. This standard expresses that an offended parties carelessness is certifiably not a total bar to his recuperation. The offended parties harms are diminished by whatever rate his own flaw added to the injury. This requires the jury to decide, by rate, the shortcoming of the offended party and respondent in causing the offended parties injury. For instance, assume an offended party is harmed in an auto collision and acquires one million dollars in harms. The jury confirms that the offended party was twenty five percent liable for the mishap and that the respondent was seventy five percent mindful. The offended party will at that point be permitted to recuperate seventy five percent of his harms, or 700 and fifty thousand dollars. In 1931 Wisconsin received the similar carelessness rule and was the first to alter it. Today, twenty three states utilize a changed structure, ten states utilize an unadulterated s tructure, and two states utilize a top base framework, which expresses that you must have a low level of carelessness and they must have a serious extent of carelessness or you are banished from recuperation. The objective of the common equity framework in the United States is to keep up social soundness through decency. The development that has occurred in the legal framework has mirrored the adjustments in the public eye just as a superior comprehension of the common procedure. A portion of the early endeavors appeared to consistently support exceptionally one side over the other without considering the entirety of the realities. The consistent tweaking of the framework has given us one that has all the earmarks of being impartial and significant for the occasions. As society, innovation, and the earth change so should the approaches that oversee it. Despite the fact that the early decisions didn’t seem, by all accounts, to be unbiased they start the trends for the current framework which is reasonable and practical. Exploration Papers on Butterfield v. 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Word Choice Angel vs. Angle

Word Choice Angel versus Edge Word Choice: Angel versus Edge Do you have a gatekeeper point looking out for you? Assuming this is the case, is it intense or coldhearted? Gracious, pause. We may have befuddled the words â€Å"angel† and â€Å"angle† there. It’s a simple slip-up, as you can’t depend on divine intercession to guarantee immaculate spelling. Be that as it may, you can look at our manual for what these terms mean. Blessed messenger (Guardian Spirit or Divine Messenger) â€Å"Angel† is a thing that alludes to a profound being or a dispatcher from God: He was visited by a blessed messenger from the Lord. We regularly picture heavenly attendants as human-like figures in robes with wings, radiances and harps. In any case, there is one piece of the Bible that depicts them as having â€Å"six wings . . . secured done with eyes, inside and out,† which is somewhat more stunning than the rendition you’ll find in a congregation. No eyes on these folks wings. (Photograph: Evelyn Simak) Now and again, we likewise use â€Å"angel† to propose somebody is ethically acceptable: She’s such a respectful little holy messenger! This doesn’t imply that the individual so portrayed has alarming, eye-shrouded wings, however. For this situation, it essentially recommends other-worldly conduct. Edge (Space Between Intersecting Lines) Utilized as a thing, a â€Å"angle† is a space between crossing lines or surfaces: The interior edges in a triangle consistently indicate 180 degrees. We can likewise utilize â€Å"angle† as an action word meaning â€Å"position at an edge or incline†: She calculated her visor to shield her eyes from the sun. â€Å"Angle† has some auxiliary implications, as well. As a thing, for instance, it can likewise mean â€Å"point of view or approach.† And as an action word, it can mean â€Å"design for a specific audience.† For example: We need another point if need to pull in more watchers. We have calculated the new release at more youthful perusers. At long last, â€Å"angling† is additionally a word for angling with snares. Rundown: Angel or Angle? These words may contain similar letters, yet they are particular in significance (nor do they sound a similar when spoken): Heavenly attendant is a thing that alludes to a watchman soul or awesome errand person. Point is normally a thing that alludes to a space between two converging lines. In any case, it is likewise frequently an action word meaning â€Å"incline at an angle.† On the off chance that you battle to recollect which will be which, remember that the â€Å"-gel† in â€Å"angel† is articulated equivalent to in â€Å"hair gel† (you could even envision a holy messenger gelling its hair, if that makes a difference). Also, to make preparations for grammatical mistakes, we suggest having your work edited by an expert.

A new specialization to be added this fall COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A new specialization to be added this fall COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog SIPA Admissions Blog devotees will remember that my favorite part of the SIPA experience has been my participation in the Gender Policy program.   For that reason, I am thrilled to announce that thanks to the incredibly hard work of SIPA’s Gender Policy Working Group, Gender Policy and Practice will be offered as a specialization for the first time this fall. This will mean more funding for programming, classes and faculty in the field of gender. Hooray!   I really can’t express to you how much even for those of you who do not choose this specialization will benefit from GPWG’s efforts. When you get here, make sure to hug a gender policy 2nd year! (With her permission of course.) In light of this new and exciting development, I wanted to share a couple of my favorite classes in the Gender Policy Program. I am not sure when these will be taught next year, but if you have the opportunity to take any of these courses with any of these professors, I would highly encourage you to do so. Women and Power in the 21st Century with Carolyn Buck-Luce This was my first gender class I ever took at SIPA.   It is a ½ semester long course usually offered in the fall. (Pro-tip, be sure to check the short course listings every semester. They usually have very specific skills driven offerings.) Carolyn brought in phenomenal guest lecturers like Marie Wilson (http://vitaminw.co/giving/marie-wilson-talks-white-house-project-feminism-and-how-fix-it) and Stewart Emery (http://stewartemery.com/) to talk about their paths to success and the lessons they have to share with young professionals. Our final project was a personal power plan for success and work/life balance over the next 5-years. I loved this class because it focused on concrete strategies for overcoming social and institutional barriers to achievements. From readings and from my hearing classmates’ experiences I felt like my concerns, challenges and observations from being a young professional woman were validated. Gender Mainstreaming with Kristy Kelly- Gender mainstreaming is the practice of incorporating a gender perspective not only into new public policy (although that too) but also into the design of policy-making and administrating institutions. It is the official policy of most countries, although notably not the US.  We started off with a refresher course in some feminist theory and then moved on to practical experiences and implications for policy makers. My favorite thing about this course was how excited and passionate Kristy is about the subject material. Even though this was a course with an international development bent, I got to tailor it to apply the lessons I was learning to my career in domestic politics.We got to choose our final projects with ranged from a survey and evaluation of gender dynamics at SIPA to research papers to literature reviews. I designed and lead a gender mainstreaming workshop of campaign operatives that has led to a journal article I am still working on with Kristy. Work-Family Policy in Advanced Industrialized Nations with Claire Ullman This is one of the few courses in gender policy that focuses on industrialized nations (although thanks to the new specialization, hopefully that is changing!). In this course we learn about childcare, parental leave, workplace discrimination and how different policies impact fertility, women’s workforce participation and child development. We also learn about the history and political processes behind passing these types of legislation.   Claire is clearly knowledgeable and passionate about the material and she is able to make a somewhat dry subject very engaging. This course counts for a lot of graduate programs across the university so we had a fun mix of Social Work, Journalism and SIPA students in our 12 person class. Now all we need is an elections specialization! -Nancy

Characters Names Meanings in Harry Potter - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 823 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/04/04 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Harry Potter Essay Did you like this example? Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, by J.K. Rowling uses a vast variety of words that are made up, but are secretly derived from Latin, Greek, Old English, and many other old languages to portray Rowlings genius writing. Although many of the names, spells, potions, and even places seem like casual made up words, nearly all of them have a hidden meaning behind them. Understanding the meaning behind these words give even more insight into the thought and detail that went into making this series so outstanding. A lot of the characters names in the books have a Latin origin. Rowling spent a lot of team researching names with Latin roots and finding their specific meanings. Then, Rowling implemented these names is some version into the series. For example, Albus Dumbledores first name is Latin for white. Many people take this as symbolic for the role Dumbledore plays, while others simply believe Rowling used this name because of Dumbledores long white beard. The main villain in the series, Tom Marvolo Riddle, aka Lord Voldemort, had part of his middle name derived from Latin. The Latin term volo means to want or to move quickly. This is representative of Voldemort as he had a desire for power and moved swiftly into the spotlight of being the most feared wizard. Draco Malfoys first name is Latin for dragon. This is symbolic of the level of power and strength Malfoy believed he possessed in the series. Remus Lupins last name is a version of the Latin word lupinus, which means of a wolf. This is symbolic as Lupin turns into a werewolf every month during a full moon. There are many more names in the series that are derived from Latin, all of which have meanings that give clues to the specific characters purpose or qualities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Characters Names Meanings in Harry Potter" essay for you Create order Rowling, being a very gifted and trained writer and researcher, also used greek words and mythology as origins for her characters names. For example, Narcissus Malfoy, the mother of Draco Malfoy, had her name from Greek Origins. Narcissus was a male character from Greek mythology, who loved his image so much that he looked at his reflection until he died. This reflects the arrogant attitude the entire Malfoy family had throughout the series. Because of their pure blood genes, the Malfoys believed they were better than most and were keen to portraying it. Another example of Greek origins playing a role in the names of Rowlings characters would be Argus Filch. Filch is the caretaker at Hogwarts and is described as very strict and always keeping a close watch on the students of Hogwarts. His job likely has to do with the picking of his name as Argus was a ginormous hundred-eyed watchman in Greek mythology. Draco Malfoys best friend, Gregory Goyle, also had his name derived from Greek. S he chose the name Gregory based on a Greek word that means observant and attentive. This could be representative of the fact that Goyle basically plays the role of Draco Malfoys bodyguard throughout the series. Old and Middle English words were also a factor when Rowling was picking the names of her characters. One example of this would be with Godric Gryffindor. Godric is a version of the Old English name Godrich. In Old English, Godrich essentially meant good person. This can a nod at the fact that the characteristics Gryffindor wanted his students to possess were bravery, nerve, and daring. Rubeus Hagrid, everyones favorite character, also had part of his name derived from Old English. In Old English, Hagrid was a dialect word that basically meant you had a bad night. Considering Hagrid enjoyed drinking and did it a lot more than he probably should have, one can reasonably assume that he had a lot of bad nights. A final example would of course be the most important character in the series, Harry Potter himself. Rowling needed the perfect name as it is featured in every title and is a name that everyone around the world is familiar with. She ended up choosing the Middle English name, Harr y. The name Harry is derived from Henry. Henry was the name of many kings of England and it is no coincidence that Rowling gave her main character a name of such stature. Its fascinating to know the amount of research that went into simply picking the names of the characters. Rowling truly expressed her genius and advanced knowledge of older languages through her characters names alone. The ability of an author to provide history in all of the characters names while still writing one of the most popular book series of all time is incredible. It is extremely impressive that without even reading a single page, a reader could have a legitimate basis for all of the characters by simply looking at their names and doing a little research. Not many other book series, if any, could say the same.

The Viking Age An Invention Of The Romantic Era

The Scandinavian Vikings – in contemporary sources known as â€Å"Northmen,† â€Å"heathens,† or â€Å"foreigners† – are imagined as rough, wild and unkempt men in horned helmets, plundering, pillaging and raping in early medieval Europe (Somerville McDonald 2014; xv). However, this image of a wild, barbarian nation which is popular in modern fiction, TV-shows and movies, is far from true. The horned helmets are an invention of the Romantic era in the nineteenth century and the Vikings were more than raiders and were renowned merchants, seaman, explorers, mercenaries and poets (Somerville McDonald 2014; xv-xvi). The Viking Age is considered to have begun in the late eighth century, when the Scandinavian raids in Western Europe started (Somerville †¦show more content†¦This resulted in a period of unrest. In Anglo-Saxon England, the kingdom of Mercia rose to power when two kings of stabilized kingdoms were removed and one took the power: King Offa (Keynes in McKitterick 1995; 28). So we see stabilized kingdoms and the growing power of Mercia as the kings of Wessex and Kent were removed. In the Carolingian empire, there were definitely periods of political unrest; after the conflict between Louis the Pious and his sons for example (Middleton 2015; 151). However, this period of political weakness and unrest in the Carolingian empire was not contemporary with the earliest Viking raids. The first Viking raids started by the end of the eighth century, when Charlemagne ruled the Carolingian empire and when the king of Mercia ruled a stabilized kingdom in Anglo-Saxon England: ‘The earliest recorded Viking raids were paradoxically contemporary with the existence of strong hegemonic powers in both Anglo-Saxon England (Offa’s Mercia) and continental Europe (Charlemagne’s Fra nkish Empire), (Barret 2008; 678). This shows that the Vikings did not start raiding Anglo-Saxon England and the Carolingian empire to profit from the political unrest and weaknesses in these regions. In later raids, political unrest may have been a reason for the Vikings to raid, however,Show MoreRelatedMisinterpretation in Ian McEwans Atonement2826 Words   |  11 PagesINTRODUCTION Ian McEwans novel Atonement addresses the issues of social class, sexuality and the true status of women in pre-World War II Britain, where concepts of morality had not really emerged from the Victorian Era. In this broader social and political context, the malicious actions and misinterpretations of a young girl, the hero Robbie is falsely convicted of rape and sent to prison, and in the end this was the cause not only of his separation from Cecilia but also his death. 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The New Testament History, Literature, And Theology By...

M. Eugene Boring An Introduction to the New Testament: History, Literature, and Theology An Introduction to the New Testament: History, Literature, and Theology by M. Eugene Boring is a book which deals with an overview of the New Testament from a historical, literature and theological perspective. As stated by the author, this book does not attempt to work through every point in methodological detail, but from a case to case intends to provide enough specifics to illustrate evidence and argument (xxv). The author argues that the book is intended for the beginning student, presupposing only serious interest in the subject matter, but no prior experience in detailed Bible study (xxv). The author also argues that his work attempts to lead the student toward an in-depth understanding and competence as an interpreter of the New Testament (xxvi). As you read the book you will notice that this is exactly what the author accomplishes in the material he presented. Throughout the book the author provides a thorough understanding of the New Testament from a historical perspective as well as literature and theology. Personally, I really enjoy the brief introduction of each of the main points the author discussed in his book. This brief, but straight to the point material, provides the reader an easy-to-understand perspective of the New Testament. There is no doubt in the reader’s mind that the author is very familiar with the social, as well as the theological mindset of the New

Salome Monologue Essay Research Paper Example For Students

Salome Monologue Essay Research Paper A monologue from the play by Oscar Wilde NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Representative One-Act Plays by British and Irish Authors. Ed. Barrett H. Clark. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1921. SALOME: I am amorous of thy body, Iokanaan! Thy body is white, like the lilies of the field that the mower hath never mowed. Thy body is white like the snows that lie on the mountains of Judaea, and come down into the valleys. The roses in the gardens of the Queen of Arabia are not so white as thy body. Neither the roses in the garden of the Queen of Arabia, the garden of spices of the Queen of Arabia, nor the feet of the dawn when they light on the leaves, nor the breast of the moon when she lies on the breast of the sea. There is nothing in this world so white as they body. Suffer me to touch thy body. Thy body is hideous. It is like the body of a leper. It is like a plastered wall, where vipers have crawled; like a plastered wall where the scorpions have made their nest. It is like a whited sepulchre, full of loathsome things. It is horrible; thy body is horrible. It is of thy hair I am enamoured, Iokanaan. Thy hair is like clusters of grapes, like the clusters of black grapes th at hang from the vine-trees of Edom in the land of the Edomites. Thy hair is like the cedars of Lebanon, like the great cedars of Lebanon that give their shade to the lions and to the robbers who would hide them by day. The long black nights, when the moon hides her face, when the stars are afraid, are not so black as thy hair. The silence that dwells in the forest is not so black. There is nothing in the world that is so black as thy hair. Suffer me to touch thy hair. Thy hair is horrible. It is covered with mire and dust. It is like a crown of thorns placed on thy head. It is like a knot of serpents coiled round thy neck. I love not thy hair. It is thy mouth that I desire, Iokanaan. Thy mouth is like a band of scarlet on a tower of ivory. It is like a pomegranate cut in twain with a knife of ivory. The pomegranate flowers that blossom in the gardens of Tyre, and are redder than roses, are not so red. The red blasts of trumpets that herald the approach of kings, and make afraid the enemy, are not so red. Thy mouth is redder than the feet of those who tread the wine in the wine-press. It is redder than the feet of the doves who inhabit the temples and are fed by the priests. It is redder than the feet of him who cometh from a forest where he hath slain a lion, and seen gilded tigers. Thy mouth is like a branch of coral that fishers have found in the twilight of the sea, the coral that they keep for the kings! It is like the vermilion that the Moabites find in the mines of Moab, the vermilion that the kings take from them. It is like the bow of the King of the Persians, that is tainted with vermilion, and is tipped with coral. There is nothing in the world so red as thy mouth. Suffer me to kiss thy mouth. I will kiss thy mouth, Iokanaan. I will kiss thy mouth.

Effect of Psychological Contract Violation on Organisational Commitment in India

Introduction Employees are very important in the normal running of organisations. According to Adetule (2011, p. 94), employees are the wheels upon which an organisation runs towards its goals and objectives. Many organisations that have achieved massive success realised the importance of employees. The management must ensure that there is satisfaction of all the employees, from the middle managers to the junior most workers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Psychological Contract Violation on Organisational Commitment in India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Motivated employees tend to deliver better results than those who work under frustrations. When hiring an employee, there is always a psychological contract that is signed between the employer and the employee. Shahnawaz and Goswami (2011, p. 210) defines psychological contract as â€Å"An individual’s beliefs regarding the terms and condit ions of a reciprocal exchange agreement between that focal person and another party.† The employer would have some expectations that should be met by the employee. The employee would also have some expectation about the benefits to be offered by the firm, and the kind of tasks that will be assigned. The main problem with this psychological contract is that it is rarely spoken about in a formal setting. In some occasions, these expectations are met in one way or the other. In other occasions, the expectations are not met at all. Failure to meet these expectations would constitute a violation of the psychological contract. Adetule (2011, p. 73) defines psychological contract violation as â€Å"The emotional or affective state that may result from the perception of psychological contract breach.† On the other hand, Shahnawaz and Goswami (2011, p. 211) defines psychological contract violation as â€Å"The feelings of anger, injustice, resentment and distrust that arise fro m the realisation that an organisation has not honoured the psychological contract.† This research paper will analyze the effect of psychological contract violation on organisational commitment, trust and turnover intention in public and private sector organisations in India. Critical Review of the Article This article has given a detailed insight into the role of psychological contract in boosting employees’ performance. According to McGregor’s Theory X, human being fear work naturally, and would always seize any opportunity available to avoid some of the tasks that they are fully aware they should undertake. For this reason, the management must always subject them to strict supervision in order to avoid any form of laziness within the organisation. However, McGregor was also conscious of the self-driven people who were always focused on achieving good results even without supervision. He therefore, developed Theory Y which holds that people always have the inte ntion of working hard, and with minimal motivation, they can deliver good results without any strict supervision.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The two cases can possibly occur within different organisations depending on the perception of the employees. It is very rare for an employee to get into an organisation with a culture of team spirit and commitment amongst all employees and apply contrary. As Shahnawaz and Goswami (2011, p. 211) say, if such a lazy employee finds that the culture of this organisation do not tolerate this laziness, he or she will have the option of quitting the firm or joining others in their organisational culture. This article observes that when an employee is hired, he or she will develop a psychological contract with the firm and the management on various issues. Some of these issues may include the salaries to be earned, and its possible adjust ment as time goes by based on the output of the employee. Others may not be discussed in a formal setting during the process of signing a contract such as organisational culture and team spirit amongst the employees. However, the employee would develop these expectations with the anticipation that they shall be met. Successful organisations have learnt how to manage these expectations in order to ensure that their employees remain motivated. One of the ways of managing these expectations would be to engage the new recruits in consultative forums about what they expect out of the organisation. This should be the case both in public and private sectors because the reaction of the employee in both cases would always be similar. When the employee expectations are understood, it would be possible to find a way of addressing them to be in line with the organisational culture, and to find a way of maximising the exact potential of the employees. Understanding individual employee’s e xpectation within the firm makes it possible for the management to manage them as a way of maintaining focused workforce. This research article observes that the commitment, trust and turnover of employees will always depend on the ability of the employer to respect their psychological contract. As Adetule (2011, p. 6) says, people would like to be respected. Employees like an environment where their views are given consideration. This way, they feel that they are part of the organisation. Respecting employees is one of the ways of respecting the psychological contract. It helps cement the relationship between the employer and the employee. The employee will feel committed to the organisation and this will be reflected in the turnover. They would feel obligated to give back to the firm as a way of realising a mutual benefit. Adetule (2011, p. 4) notes that successful firms- both private and public- have realised the importance of respecting their employees and giving their views ser ious consideration. This helps in eliminating the perception that they are just employees who will one day leave the firm when the terms of service ends. In its place, it develops the feeling that employees are part of the organisation that forms its future. When the employees are made to feel that their future is tied together with the future of the firm they work for, they tend to be committed, a fact that promotes their output within the organisation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Psychological Contract Violation on Organisational Commitment in India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Any form of disrespect from the management or any employee in authority is always reflected as a breach of this contract. When employees feel that there is some form of breach of the contract, they would develop withdrawal symptoms. The feeling that they are not part of the organisation sets in, and their commitment to the firm wanes away. This would result into a massive drop of their output, a fact that would be reflected in the dismal performance of the firm. According to this article, it is very challenging to meet the psychological expectations of employees. Firms have started embracing downsizing and rightsizing as a way of improving their output. According to Shahnawaz and Goswami (2011, p. 217), one of the factors that have devastating effect on the morale of the employees is the act of retrenchment. It is a fact that many would expect that after retrenchment, those who remain within the organisation would be expected to be happy, not just because of their luck, but also because it is a sign that the organisation recognises them as pillars that cannot be eliminated. However, this is not always the case. The employees who remain after others have been retrenched always develop a sense of insecurity. They feel that the way psychological contract of their peers were violated, so shall theirs ’ be after some time. This alone, will make them feel that the management has betrayed them. They will feel that their psychological contract with the firm has already been violated. The effect would always manifest itself almost immediately. Employees would focus more on issues that would protect their future than those that are meant to bring success to the firm. They will develop a feeling that their future is not tied with that of the firm, and therefore, any futuristic benefit to the firm would not be shared with them. This makes them develop a negative perception about their assigned tasks. A lot of their efforts will be taken in looking for alternative jobs that have a sense of security. This happens in both public and private sectors within the environmental context that this research was conducted. Organisational trust is one of the factors that have been associated with positive output of employees. Shahnawaz and Goswami (2011, p. 214) defines trust in the organisat ion as â€Å"The evaluation of an organisation’s trustworthiness as perceived by the employee.† Employees should develop trust with the organisation they are working for, especially the management. In India, and many other developing nations, there has been a lot of confrontation between employers- in both the public and private sectors- and the employees in the organisations. One of the factors that have been associated with this confrontation according to Adetule (2011, p. 112), has been due to unfulfilled promises.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An organisation can make a promise, out of collective bargain, that it will make a given payment to its employees at a given period. It is the responsibility of that organisation to ensure that such promises are met in order to build trust between the employer and the employees. It is natural that there might a case where the promise made may not be fully met within the originally set period. It would be appropriate to ensure that such information is communicated to the relevant people within the right time. The reason given should be valid, and the management should not forget to emphasise on the fact that it is still committed to its promise. It may be necessary to give a date when the promise would be met. This will help maintain trust that exists between the employer and the employee. According to Adetule (2011, p. 215), the top management is the agent of the owners, and when they make promises to employees, they always believe that the promise is made by the firm itself. These promises made at individual levels should also be fulfilled to ensure that the individual develops trust with the firm at a personal level. It may appear that fulfilling these promises can be a very expensive process. However, it goes a long way in building a strong trust between the employer and the employee. One factor that the management should keep in mind is that promises should be as minimal as possible. The management should try to avoid making promises that may not be fulfilled because it may lead to a lot of problems in the future. Psychological contract violation was also considered to be closely related to employee turnover within an organisation. According to Adetule (2011, p. 53), it is important to understand the difference between intention to turnover and the actual turnover. The intention to turnover refers to the resolve that an employee has to quit his or her current job. This drive may make an employee develop some justification that would make him or her quit th e current company to look for other employers. The intention to turnover would lead to actual turnover. The intention to turnover is always affected by the perception of the employees towards the employer. When the employee feels that the employer is not caring for him or her, the intention to turnover would exist. The drive to deliver good results would go down, and this would lead to low actual turnover. When the employee feels that the psychological contract that existed between him or her and the employer is violated, the intention to turnover would be very high. This will affect the overall performance of such an employee, a fact that reflects the intention to quit the current employment. Implications of Shahnawaz and Goswami’s Findings The findings of Shahnawaz and Goswami have a clear message to the employers about effective management of employees and how this affects their commitment to the employing organisation. This article clearly states that employees are very i mportant assets within an organisation. However, unlike other assets, employees are human beings with feelings and emotions which have direct impact on their output. When an employee is hired, he or she will develop a psychological contract with the employer. In some cases, the psychological contract would be based on the formal agreements that the management has made with the employee when signing the contract. In other cases, the psychological contract would be based on some personal feelings and expectations of the employee based on various environmental issues. From this article, it is important that the management understands this psychological contract in order to maintain a pool of motivated employees. Employees’ commitment will always be influenced by the ability of the employer to respect this psychological contract. This article clearly indicates that when the management breaches the psychological contract that exists between it and the employees, then it would not be possible for the firm to achieve its strategic goals with the same employees. According to Adetule (2011, p. 97), many unsuccessful organisations have failed to appreciate the importance of respecting employees. This is particularly common in the public sectors where those trusted with the management do not feel that they own the organisation. Instead of employing transformational leadership approach that would ensure the rights of employees are respected and their views taken into consideration, some managers still use the dictatorial management approach where their statements are supposed to be respected without any challenge. This may be in contravention of the rights of employees. Such management practices would constitute the psychological contract violation. When this happens, Shahnawaz and Goswami (2011, p. 213) say that employee’s output will drop, leading to a lower output of the organisation. When the employees feel that they are not respected, their commitment t o the firm fades away. They develop the feeling that if the management is not committed to their rights, then it is unnecessary for them to remain committed to the firm. They would start treating various issues and assignments casually. Their intention to turnover increases because of lack of commitment. They feel that they are not obliged to give a positive output to the firm. This is particularly dangerous in a work setting where the output of a firm directly depends on the attitude with which, employees approach their work. According to Shahnawaz and Goswami (2011, p. 212), there are some work settings that are more sensitive to the attitude of employees than others. For instance, a hotel that operates with a team of disillusioned employees is more likely to have an instant negative impact on its overall performance. When customers visit the facility only to be met by gloomy employees who feel that they are not obligated to deliver good results, then it becomes almost impossible to satisfy such customers. Some of the customers may ignore such cold receptions, but others would leave such facilities even before they can be given any service. This article also emphasises on the relevance of managing employees’ expectations. The two scholars realised that managing expectations of the employees is one of the ways of keeping them constantly motivated within the firm. Different employees will have different expectations when they are hired. Some of these expectations can be met by the firm within the time they shall be working in the firm, while others may not easily be achieved because of various reasons. These expectations would constitute factors that would define the psychological contract that an employee develops with the firm. Adetule (2011, p. 74) says that it is important to ensure that all the expectations of the employee are addressed before they are hired. This can only be possible by engaging them in a consultative forum where they will be expe cted to share their expectation with the employing authority. The employer is required to evaluate the expectations with the view of addressing them before hiring the individual. The management should be clear to the employees about the needs that can be met, and those that are beyond the capacity of the firm. This makes the employee re-evaluate the psychological contract to make it fit within the environment that has just been explained. This will avoid cases where employees harbour some expectations that may appear wild to the management. This means that when they accept the job, they will be accepting the terms offered by the management. They will feel obligated to the firm even when their initial expectations are not met because they were informed before their deployment. Conclusion Employees form a very important part of an organisation. They are the policy implementers whose activities are expected to make a firm succeed in the market. Public and private organisations have the obligation of maintaining high levels of motivation among their employees. From the discussion above, it is clear that a team of motivated employees can be very important in helping a firm achieve its operational and strategic goals. This motivation largely depends on the way employees feel that they are treated within the organisation. If they feel respected, then they will be committed to the firm, and this will motivate them to deliver good results. The employer must therefore, maintain respect with the employees. List of References Adetule, J 2011, Handbook on management theories, Author House, Bloomington. Shahnawaz, M Goswami, 2011, Effect of Psychological Contract Violation on Organisational Commitment, Trust and Turnover Intention in Private and Public Sector Indian Organisations. Vision, vol. 15. no. 3, pp. 209–217. This essay on Effect of Psychological Contract Violation on Organisational Commitment in India was written and submitted by user Brodie J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Lajom, John Froilan C. Oral Communication Essays - Cultural Studies

Lajom, John Froilan C. Oral Communication Essays - Cultural Studies Lajom, John Froilan C. Oral Communication S11-08 How is intercultural communication exhibited in the film? Cite two scenes to support your answer. As we know intercultural communication is communication between at least two people from different culture. From the time Anna somewhat unfortunately landed to Wales and started to be with the Irish people, intercultural communication was display. One scene that exhibits this kind of communication is when she talked to Declan and the elders about her planned proposal to his boyfriend and how and when Declan and Anna will be able to go to Dublin. The elders are trying to say the day that is not advisable to travel and Anna, being new to the town just pretend to listen which is not good to intercultural communication. Another scene is the first parts of the journey of Declan and Anna to Dublin when they find that the herd of cows has blocked the road, Declan instantly sits down and wait while Anna attempted to get the cows to move. Nonverbally intercultural communication was not exhibited very well because they don't connect a channel to communicate; Declan is carefree while Anna is al ways in a hurry. Also Declan switch to his own language while talking to Anna by saying Bob which means money this is not right for intercultural communication. Describe how Anna communicated with the Irish people. Anna is not really an effective communicator with the Irish people. It seems like she doesn't know how to interact intercultural because she interfere what Irish people are and their cultural dimensions. It's not that she is not polite when approaching them, but she gave them not-so-good impression. She is bland and sound like always in a hurry and unwilling to defer gratification. She always follows her "strict time schedule". That is only at the first parts of the film because as the story goes, she started to go along with the polychromic environment of the Irish people. Maybe she's just not that used to the carefree spirit of Irish people, especially Declan, making a difference in the message she is trying to convey. Identify the effective communication skills (i.e.. eye contact visible mouth, body language, silence, checking for understanding, smiling face, summarizing what has been said, encouragement to continue, some questions) applied by a character in the movie. Justify your answer. Although not one of the main characters the wife of the train station employee shows effective communication skills to Anna and Declan. When talking she speaks while looking at the person's eyes and speaks clearly. She smiles frequently (and appropriately) giving the two visitors a warm feeling and welcome. She also listens whenever any of the two speaking like for example, when Declan was taking a shower. She also shows her authenticity by being real to the two like when she shows the two how to kiss their loved ones. Also, she asked questions to continue the conversation and make it more pleasing. All in all she communicates with them despite difference in culture and perspective.

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Management - Essay Example A group of companies that can successfully construct core competencies via its value chain functions to promote competitive advantages and then those capabilities may lead to synergies of that corporation.  Virgin is a motley collection of over 200 separate companies within main business lines- travel, lifestyle, media & mobile, music, and money. The whole virgin group covers the businesses ranged from airlines to bridal stores. There are only two things common to the diverse range of whole Virgin enterprises: Richard Branson as the founder and CEO of the group, all business units are under the brand name, Virgo. There is no parent company for the whole group and Mr. Branson once said each of the small companies are separate and has to stand on its own. Virgin group pursues Japanese keiretsu in addition to brand franchising strategy. Virgin member companies used to share a similar identity but possess their own independent operations.  Virgin pursues an unrelated diversification strategy with many product lines. Most companies diversify their business for the survival of their company, the extension of distinctive competencies to new businesses or in search of new competencies. Whenever Virgin diversifies its businesses, it is attached with the purpose of to make things better for the customers in the intended new industry. Diversification is known as the riskiest of the four strategies of the Growth.  Matrix: Market penetration, Product development, Market development, Diversification. It is said because diversification strategy needs to find many new competencies for a corporation such as new techniques, skills, etc. Thus, only a corporation that possesses some synergies to adapt well to the inexperienced field. After doing thorough research and appraisals for the next line of business concerning industry analysis and customer point of views, Virgin used to enter into that industry to create its brand name and excellent customer values and services.  

Federal emergency grant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Federal emergency grant - Essay Example The center works in liaison with the US fire administration, police, Emergency Response Institute and the Federal Emergency Management Agency among others for better preparedness (Kimmel 2006).Apparently San Marcos is prepared to respond to emergency through the many training sessions facilitated by Emergency Response Institute (ERI), the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the Texas State University. There is also awareness creation on the potential hazards in the area through participatory assessment of those hazards (Ashby, 2010). The school has and the community has access to hotlines in case of emergencies for immediate response. The school needs the grant to improve their preparedness by increasing the equipment required, expanding the transport system to prevent possible accidents. They also needs funds to conduct a comprehensive, strength based vulnerability assessment of the school buildings and grounds given that the district lies on the fault line. This will help us improve our mitigation plan (Burnet, 2008). Currently the fault lines have led to creation of springs which provide water to the residents and act as tourism attraction. San Marcos River as never run dry thus providing water for agricultural purpose. The Aquarena and wornderworldare spring are major tourist attraction for rearing some of the endangered aquatic species on earth. The school is collaborating with the community to develop appropriate policies and procedures in building a better team that is well prepared to respond to crisis. This way the process is integrated so as some of the resources can be shared. The school has looked at Federal Emergency Response and Crisis Management Plans Discretionary Grants legislation, regulation and administrative requirement and is certain to comply with them. The school is ready to sign the required agreements, documents and permits together with preparing a quarterly

Projectification of the organisational world

Projectification of the organisational world It is fascinating to observe from the management and business sciences, how organisations are changing their structural behaviours: Nowadays, it is hard to imagine an organisation that is not engaged in some kind of project activity. Over the past decade, organisations have been turning from operations to project management as part of their competitive advantage strategy. Organisations are now redefining their business structures by adopting project management practices, thus Maylor et al. (2006, p.663) point out that projectification is the process that comprehends organizational changes through a process where work is managed by projects. We should therefore look at projects as projectification means to get to the implementation of strategy although it might be a realistic statement, it still has a more in dept reasoning behind it and we hope this document will enlighten this further. Projects as the fundamental of projectification are defined as temporary organizations created to deliver one or more business products translated in to project objectives according to their business case requiring specific competencies or skills for a pre-determined period of time according to The Office of Governament Commerce (OGC, 2009, p.31). However, Maylor et. al. (2006, p.664) have a different designation of projects, as managerial tools and structures for innovation and change. Other interconnected concepts related to projects will be further explained looking at the projectification of the organisational world. Maylor et. al. (2006, p.663) support that there are two completely opposite ideas between the managerialist concept of a project as a way to control and the idea that projects are flexible and less bureaucratic structures and as many commentators according to Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.8) cite, they position projects as more appropriate for implementing deliberate strategies. Despite the above, Maylor et. al.(2006, p.664) citing Davies, Brady and Hobday point out that organisations are finding that traditional organizational structures (i.e. with departments, business units and divisions) are no longer appropriate. However, Haniff and Fernie (2008) defend that projectification is not always seen as the most favourable process and it can become problematic if different organisations working together do not have the same projectification approach. Thus, projectification is not seen as a firm solution, i.e. in the perspective of delivering deliberate strategies. That might be the case in the construction sector where Haniff and Fernie (2008, p.9) state that it is naive to assume that any pre-determined project plan can be simplistically implemented. According to above pessimistic view, Maylor et. al. (2006, p.667) agree that we might face barriers to projects being carried out, this might in turn show that is an unwanted consequence of the projectification process but one to account for as limitations in the implementation of the organizational strategy may emerge. Despite these limitations, Maylor et. al. (2006, p.664) citing Packendorff and Hodgson support that there is an evidence of increasing belief of projectification through projects. This is stated by Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.5), they believe that corporate strategy is now a means of thinking through and articulating how an organizations corporate goals and objectives will be achieved. This lead us towards how Bracker cited in Shirley (1982, p. 263) characterises business strategy: as an environmental or situational analysis to determine a firms posture in its field and if the firms resources are utilized in an appropriate manner to attain its major goals. Some consider that business strategy is folded in strategic initiatives such as Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.5), explain that these initiatives are often clustered into portfolios of programmes and projects for implementation, whose support is given by organization roles in particular project workers and managers as Packendorff and Hodgson cited in Maylor et. al. (2006, p.664) emphasize. Again, Maylor et. al. (2006, p.666) agree these developing roles are a consequence of projectification as well as the search for authority by project managers. These are responsible for the planning, delegating, monitoring and control of all aspects of the project, and the motivation of those within the temporary organization to achieve the project objectives within the expected project performance measures, time, cost, quality, scope, benefits and risks according to OGC (2009, p.4). Gaddis (1969, p.96) makes a good point when distinguishing tactics from strategy doing the analogy to the advanced-tec hnology project manager and the research administrator, where the first is considered the tactician and the other the strategist. Therefore, project managers are not directly seen as a strategy deliver role as Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.6) citing Thomas, Delisle, Jugdev, and Buckle argue. In addition project managers are seen as strongly execution oriented role, as per project management responsibilities, and as such, they are not perceived as strategically important by senior managers.Although, Pellegrinelli and Bowman (1994, p.126) see that projects are grouped in programmes to actually achieve beneficial changes of strategic nature for an organisation. Unlike project management, Pellegrinelli, Partington and Young cited in Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.8) see implementation of strategy through programme management, as well as McElroy cited in Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.6) emphasizes the need for senior management involvement for successful strategy implementation. A more realistic view from Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.8) is that many commentators position projects as more appropriate for implementing deliberate (planned) strategies, while considering programmes for both deliberate and emergent (unplanned) strategies. Including the view of the Association for Project Management (APM) cited in Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.6) for good governance practice is that now clearly requires alignment between business, portfolio, programme and project plans, and transparent reporting of issues throughout the strategic hierarchy as well as Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.6) defend that these should have a reciprocal relationship. Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.8) bring to this context that corporate strategy is not translated into project strategy by a simplistic process. It is further complex and it requires an extensive range of management competencies and a clear definition of roles and responsibilities. See Figure 1 below. Figure 1 Organisations Strategic Hierarchy Subsequently, Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.16) defend that the hierarchy of objectives and strategies, represented in Figure 1 by the interconnectivity between those 5 blocks, enable organizations to cascade strategy in a systematic way, such as the Archibalds model mentioned in Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.6) specifies, objectives and strategies are developed at the policy, strategic, operational and project levels and cascaded down, thereby ensuring alignment and continuity of strategy. Partington cited in Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.6), suggest three levels of strategy (See Figure 1) as corporate, business and operational being operational level focussed on programmes and projects. Yet, according to Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.6), this hierarchy of objectives and strategies can generally be formed as a result of using a strategy planning process which in turn can be a highly effective mean of structuring and managing strategy, and communicating it to the organization and through out. Johnson and Scholes cited in Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.5) highlight that, strategic management is often ambiguous, complex and dynamic, fundamental and organization-wide, and generally has long-term implications. Although, there may be pre-established strategy planning processes and practices, strategy may not be realized in a straightforward way as many planners assume according to Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.6). Baker, Bard, Cooper and others cited in Srivannaboon and Milosevic (2006, p. 494) argue that aligning project management with the business strategy is not a clear process but Gomolski cited in Rathnam (2004, pp. 2-3) defend that with business ownership and accountability can lead the way to ensure alignment of business strategy. Most studies link business strategy with project management through project selection and see that as part of the alignment process. Others such as Thompson cited in Henderson and Venkatraman (1990, p.26), see alignment made not only of static elements but a combination of strategy dynamics and behaviors which are managed by external factors to the organization. Supporting this view, Mintzberg and Waters (1985, P. 271), argue that managing requires: ÂÂ ´a light deft touch to direct, in order to realize intentions while at the same time responding to an unfolding pattern of actions. Again, the interaction between projects or programmes and the organizations strategy may be both deliberate and emergent when attempting to implement the intended strategy, according to Grabher, cited in Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.6). The UK Office of Government Commerce (OGC) in Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.8) considers the alignment between strategy and projects to be one of the main benefits of programme management. However, this seems out dated regarding recent guidance on governance. It is expected that increasing need to understand this alignment issue will be translated in to more literature and experience based contributions on this subject. The project management has become an important business process for organizations and Srivannaboon and Milosevic (2006, p.493) support that project management and the business strategy alignment help organizations to focus on the right projects, given the objectives of the business strategy. On the other hand, any misalignment may cause an organization to lose market opportunities and the organizations recovery process might be difficult. Therefore, to effective project management and to achieve the business strategic alignment it is required to have a deeper understanding of these complexities. Accordingly to Shirley (1982, p. 268) it is in the study of such complexities in relation to internal strengths, weaknesses, and values of the organization that students and faculty are challenged and also confused with processes involved in strategy making. This is furthermore complex when various organisations are working together to deliver the projects objectives and therefore the business strategy. Accordingly to Haniff and Fernie (2008, p.9), each individual organisation has got their one project strategy that aligns with the organizational strategy. This results in individual team members influencing at some level the project strategy by creating an emergent project management strategy. Similarly, Jamieson and Morris cited in Srivannaboon and Milosevic (2006, p.495) suggest that most of the elements of the strategic planning process, such as internal analysis, organizational structures, and control systems, are strongly linked to project management processes and activities and thereby strongly influence intended business strategies. Accordingly to Mintzberg and Waters (1985, p.272) this strategic control mentioned above may be in managers which is further recognized by the patterns and actions of managers on their own actions with in the organization configuration. Despite project management processes, other issues co-exist such as the lack of a single coherent project strategy that can lead to loss of business understanding and directly influencing the link between business strategy and project implementation which may be extremely affected according to Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.11). In addition, Rathnam (2004, p.2) draws attention to research made by others that leads us to communication and understanding to be the strategy alignment problem. Morris and Jamieson (2005, pp.7-8) also point out that the business and operating requirements of a project frequently affect the project strategy significantly. Per instance, in the IT industry as Rathnam (2004, pp.4-5) shows, the lack of business strategy, lack of focus on business process, misalignment between business areas and organization structural barriers, lack of an enterprise-wide view, business against IT mentality, lack of awareness in need for strategy alignment, difficulty in communicat ing and understanding IT, resistance to escalate misalignment conflicts to executive management and rapid rate of technological change where considered the main gaps for strategy alignment. Cicmil et. al. (2006, p.679) argue that, If projects fail because of miscommunication and failure to meet expectations, what is it about project management that makes this happen so much in a project environment? Projects are very complex and characterized by issues related to uncertainty, control and mutual interaction among project intervenients according to Cicmil et. Al. (2006, p.676). In addition Cicmil et. al. (2006, p.683) claims that management actions to accelerate perturbed projects make the problem worse which is the case when the project is heavily time-constrained. Avots (1969) adds that the wrong man appointed as project manager, lack of support from the company management, inadequate task definitions, management techniques not appropriate or project termination not well planned are also the reasons for a project failure. Despite the fact that organisations may be using projects to secure business benefit, Midler cited in Maylor et. al. (2006, p.669) question whether this is actually being achieved by these management practices. The existing concepts for what constitutes a project may not be in agreement within the project management practitioners community. Also the temporary organisation (project team) and expectancy of the project outcomes may not be consistent with all intervenients. This is a result of organisational projectification and as such we shall reconsider the term project given this paper. It is evident that in a multi project level is where we can find a bigger gap in maintaining the strategic alignment through project management and projects. Therefore this presents an area of great interest for both practitioners and scholars. Different project management approaches and methodologies are now being used by organizations at all stages of the project life cycle with project strategy development, review and optimization occurring at specific points. A high percentage of organizations define the personal project management competencies required to develop project strategy. Several organizations stressed the leadership qualities that they expected of their executives in shaping and delivering strategy, at both the project level as well as the corporate level. It can be concluded, therefore, that although project strategy management is an underexplored and insufficiently described subject in the business and project literature, it is, in fact, a relatively well-trodden area, deserving of more recognition, formal study, and discussion. (Word count: Max 2500)

Collision Avoidance: ADS-B or TCAS :: Essays Papers

Collision Avoidance: ADS-B or TCAS INTRODUCTION Background Collision avoidance is something that has been a problem in aviation for a long time. Most of the flights conducted today rely on the see and avoid concept and ground radar. Both of which have their flaws. The FAA predicts that mid-air collisions will increase by 300% over the next 20 years due to the increase in flights being flown by all areas of the aviation community (Kraus xiv). Civil aircraft have had onboard protection from midair collisions only since 1990 and general aviation aircraft are not required to have any collision avoidance technology onboard(www.cassd.org 1). In order to effectively manage the national airspace system in the future we will need to implement Free Flight. Free Flight is a concept designed to enhance safety and efficiency of the airspace by allowing aircraft to choose their own route instead of using victor airways (www.ads-b.com 1). Along with this freedom there is still the problem of aircraft separation which when on an instrument flight plan is air traffic control's (ATC) responsibility. In free flight there may be areas where ATC cannot give the required collision avoidance necessary. In order to safely manage the safety zone around an aircraft, pilots will need to rely on systems installed in the aircraft for better separation. Purpose The purpose of this report is to identify whether Automatic Dependence Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) or Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS II) should be placed in all aircraft if the FAA decides that there is a need for some collision avoidance technology to be required for all aircraft. TCAS is currently required on all commercial passenger aircraft over 30 seats and ADS-B is currently being tested. Scope In this report, I will discuss:  · Automatic Dependant Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B)  · ADS-B's Advantages and Disadvantages  · Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)  · TCAS's Advantages and Disadvantages  · Summarize which system is better for collision avoidance Body ADS-B ADS-B is a collision avoidance tool that allows aircraft to transmit position, speed, heading and identification via a data link to either other aircraft in the air or on the ground and/or controllers on the ground. ADS-B can also be used with equipped vehicles on the surface movement area. An ADS-B emitter will periodically broadcast the required information obtained from the onboard navigation systems. Other equipped aircraft will be able to receive this information and view it on the Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI).

Advertising for Kids

No matter what children are doing, they are always surrounded by advertisements. Whether it is watching television, Reading a book/magazine, or browsing the internet; advertisements are everywhere. Eric Schlosser has a good point when he argues in his essay â€Å"Kid Kustomers† that more advertisements are being directed towards children each day. It is not only directed toward children, but influencing children to beg their parents for products they do not need or even want. As in, the stuff they see on television are not essentials for life. Children want them simply because they â€Å"look cool. Schlosser explains how in the 1980’s parents felt bad for leaving their children at home all day without spending any quality time with them, so they started buying them good toys, clothes, or whatever else they wanted to make up for this (519). Prior to this, there were only a handful of companies that targeted children, and now almost every company is. For example, Schloss er describes a study published in 1991 from the Journal of the American Medical Association stating, â€Å"nearly all of America’s six-year-olds could identify Joe Camel, who was just as familiar to them as Mickey Mouse† (520).Schlosser later explains one-third of the illegal cigarettes sold to minors were Camel. However, more recently, there have been surveys conducted throughout the malls of America asking children to describe every detail they could about their favorite advertisements. One marketer explained, â€Å"It’s not just getting the kids to whine, it’s giving them a specific reason to ask for the product† (520). The marketer simply means, the advertisers goal is to make children to want the product. The product has to be loud, colorful, and interesting or they need to be able to do something with it to make them want it.For example, the study concluded the talking Chihuahua in the Taco Bell ads were the most popular out of the fast food ads, but the most popular out of all the ads was the ad for Budweiser. To add to the idea of marketers surveying children in the study in the previous paragraph, Schlosser uses the book Kids as Costumers by James U. McNeal as a source. McNeal describes the different ways of nagging children will do towards their parents in order to get what they want or to get their way.In order for children to do so, advertisers found a way to learn the children’s interest: by studying their lives, then putting the information into the advertisements (521-522). For instance, imagine a marketer discovered children who are girls enjoy watching television shows about fairies and/or play computer games that involve a cute animal mascot; the marketer will then somehow to put those subjects in an advertisement, young girls would want that product. After mentioning the different studies, Schlosser then explains how improving advertisements are more directed towards children.He ends the essay on a s trong not by explaining how the Walt Disney Company signed a contract with McDonalds. Schlosser states, â€Å"Now you can buy a Happy Meal at the Happiest Place on Earth† (526). By McDonalds and Disney combining, children are more likely to beg to their parents to go to Disney World. Eric Schlosser mentions some interesting points in the essay. He is correct when he states that advertisements are harshly aimed toward children. Reviewing back at the advertisements I remember seeing as a kid, when I about 10 years old, I remember looking at the advertisements and seeing amny items that caught my attention and interests.These interests were the following: drinks, toys, movies, new TV shows, and clothes. It makes me reflect on my behavior towards my parents when seeing such ads. While I currently have a younger sister, who watches cartoons, I have noticed the advertisements have declined from their original purposes. One of the declines that advertisements are played on the incor rect TV channels. For example, commercials for a rated PG-13 (or a higher rating movie) should not be played on a TV channel that little children watch.Today a great number of little kids have cellphones, laptops, expensive clothes, and so many more things children should not have, simply because they are not old enough. Cell phones are mainly used for when a person is not around anybody else; young children are always around an adult and if something were to go wrong, the adult would know who to call. According to James U. McNeal, there are seven types of â€Å"nags†: the pleading nag, persistent nag, forceful nag, demonstrative nag, sugarcoated nag, threatening nags, and pity nags. Then he describes his research discovered, â€Å"kids tend to stick to one or two of each that prove most effective . . for their own parents† (521). For example, a child could start crying in the middle of the store repeatedly saying â€Å"please mom/dad† until the parent either gi ves in. The same goes for a child whom could tell their parents they are going to run away if they do not give them a certain product, but either way, it is up to the parent on whether or not they will give in to the nags. Some children perform well at figuring out which nag works best. Everybody knows children (particularly small children) love all kinds of animals. However, do we know exactly how much? A study done by Dan S.Acuff, the author of the book What Kids Buy and Why, suggests that about 80% of children’s dreams are about animals until they are the age of six (522). Also it suggests the reason why so many characters in children’s TV shows and movies have animals as their mascots. Having so, helped the advertisement groups realize they needed new mascots. There is a Character Lab that helps companies make these new mascots, the Youth Market System Consulting that uses, â€Å"technique purports to create imaginary characters who perfectly fit the targeted age group’s level of cognitive and neurological development† (522).However, one flaw in Schlosser’s argument is he does not reflect on the positive advertisements children are watching every day. He mainly mentions how children want their parents to buy them fast food and cigarettes and alcoholic beverages. Though many advertisements are attempting to get children to buy healthy products. For example, I have seen from the TV my younger sister watches, some commercials are about getting out of the house and playing outside with friends. With this commercial, children will get excited to get out of the house and play with outdoor toys, getting exercise, and interacting with other children.Another commercial on the Disney Channel there was an advisement with Michelle Obama telling children to eat healthier and she while gave diet tips. Not only does this advertisement have a popular person in it, but that popular person is the President’s wife. Having her in the ad influences the children to have excitement because they are doing something the President’s wife wants. In addition, this advertisement has children asking their parents for healthier food choices around the house and they will rely the diet tips to their parents.In addition, there are many other commercials on Disney Channel about â€Å"going green† and recycling. On the other hand, there are â€Å"Above the Influence† commercials that express to children that drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes, and doing drugs are a bad habit, but they always have the option to say â€Å"no. † Without advertisements like these, children would not be as well educated as they are about it now. These types of advertisements make children ask questions to parents, teachers, and older siblings about what is considered right and wrong and the different types of foods that should be in the house.This also helps children focus on more than the TV or computer. In all, sever al points can be made about whether or not advertisements positively or negatively affect kids, or if they are making people buy more products. I believe most advertisements do have a negative effect on children and there should be laws in place to keep this from getting worse. However, in the end Eric Schlosser has declared many points to suggest that his study is correct. He has many sources which proves his knowledge about this topic prior to writing about it.In addition, he orders the essay really well by stating his opinion then backing it up with facts. The only thing he does not preform do in his essay, is explaining and expanding on the other side. Other than that, the essay is good and has made myself pay more attention to whom the advertisement is aimed toward. Works Cited Schlosser, Eric. â€Å"Kid Kustomers. † From Inquiry to Academic Writing. 2nd ed. Ed. Stuart Green and April Lidinsky. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 2012. 519-527. Print.

The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx - 1007 Words

The Communist Manifesto was first published on the eve of the revolutions of which shook things up in Europe in 1848. It was written by Communists, that assembled their thoughts and views in order to directly tell of their goals, views and clear up any miscommunications. The audience targeted is the public, therefore being somewhat general and easy to comprehend; it was to act as a window, a widened view on Communism, as a theory and political communist movement. This book is composed of four sections, the first part dealing with Communists’ theory of history and the relationship between proletariats and bourgeoisie. In the second part, Marx explains the relationship between the Communists and the proletarians. The third part addresses†¦show more content†¦It was evidence that the bourgeoise class relied heavily upon the proletariat class in order to live their lavish lifestyle, flourish and survive. The bourgeoise abused their position in power and were cruel to the people who ultimately supported them. Although at times these two classes share somewhat of a mutualism relation, with the industrialists creating more factories, generating more jobs for the working class. Marx claims that the bourgeois society are its own â€Å"grave diggers† that what the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, is its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable,† (?) simply meaning that their cards are already layed out, their future is set in stone and will inevitably self destruct. Marx declares that the main problem is â€Å"the epidemic of over-production.† As the market continues to thrive and grow, it leaves no room for adaptation to the vast accumulation of wealth. Marx describes the bourgeois as â€Å"incompetent to assure an existence to its slave within his slavery, because it cannot help letting him sink into such a state, that it has to feed him, instead of being fed by him† (?). Marx doesnt believe that the bourgeois are fit to rule, because they are only concerned with their living conditions and not society’s(proletariat), they alienate themselves from the rest destroying any possibility ofShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx And The Communist Manifesto1044 Words   |  5 Pagesworld was forever changed when Karl Marx published The Communist Manifesto, the ideas of a stateless and classless society would inspire many, and forge the path that many nations would follow, and give rise to numerous conflicts throughout the 20th century. Karl Marx was born in Trier, Germany on May 5th 1818. During his early years he studied philosophy and law, in 1834 Marx had moved to Paris and had adopted a radical view of socialism known as communism. Marx met and became friends with aRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto By Karl Marx1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, has become one of the world s most significant pieces of political propaganda written to this date. The main contributor to the book was Karl Marx. Marx was born on May 5th, 1818 in Western Germany. When he turned seventeen he enrolled at the University of Bonn to study law. Due to his social misbehavior, his father had him transferred to the University of Berlin, which had a stricter regime. During this time at college, heRead MoreKarl Marx And The Communist Manifesto1185 Words   |  5 PagesIn their work called The Communist Manifesto, which was created in 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels are exploring their ideas and thoughts on the situation that was taking place in their time : the distinction that was more and more visible between two social classes - proletariat and bourgeoisie. The two authors are explaining how the bourgeoisie is exploiting the working class. They are encouraging the oppressed workers to rise and to confront this injustice in order to make their life betterRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto By Karl Marx1094 Words   |  5 Pagesthe rich and the o ppressed would battle the oppressor. During the time â€Å"The Communist Manifesto† was written, we can see two distinct classes battling out as well. These two classes are the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. According to Karl Marx in â€Å"The Communist Manifesto†, the battle will end â€Å"either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes† (Marx 8). Marx argues that in the end the proletariat would remain because the bourgeoisie areRead MoreKarl Marx And The Communist Manifesto1112 Words   |  5 PagesFail- Past, Present, and Future Karl Marx was born in Prussia in 1818. Later in his life he became a newspaper editor and his writings ended up getting him expelled by the Prussian authorities for its radicalism and atheism (Perry 195). He then met Fredrich Engels and together they produced The Communist Manifesto in 1848, for the Communist League. This piece of writing basically laid out Marx’s theory of history in short form (Coffin 623). The Communist Manifesto is mainly revolved around how societyRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto By Karl Marx Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx is undoubtedly one the the most influential and controversial writers in modern history; Robert Tucker, a noted political scientist at Princeton University, once asserted, â€Å"[Marx] profoundly affected ideas about history, society, economics, ideology, culture, and politics [and] about the nature of social inquiry itself. No other intellectual influence has so powerfully shaped the mind of modern left-wing radicalism in most parts of the world.† (9). Indeed, his innumerable works, in particularRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto By Karl Marx Essay1426 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx is undoubtedly one the most influential and controversial writers in modern history; Robert Tucker, a noted political scientist at Princeton University, once asserted, â€Å"[Marx] profoundly affected ideas about history, society, economics, ideology, culture, and politics [and] about the nature of social inquiry itself. No other intellectual influence has so powerfully shaped the mind of modern left-wing radicalism in most parts of the world.† (9). Indeed, his innumerable works, in particularRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto By Karl Marx1678 Words   |  7 PagesThe Communist Manifesto composed by Karl Marx in 1848 is noted as a standout amongst the most powerful political archives on the planet. The distribution of the book earned Marx the notoriety of a conspicuous humanist and political scholar. Regardle ss of his eminence, there are numerous discussions concerning the thoughts and ideas of socialism figured in the papers that are still heatedly faced off regarding even today. Marx (1998) opened the book with, The historical backdrop of all up to thisRead MoreKarl Marx And The Communist Manifesto1453 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Communist Manifesto, a document that first proclaimed the ideology of communism itself, Marx declared that the â€Å"history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles† (Marx, Karl and Frederick Engels). As a man who spurred resentment of governments and inspired revolutionaries, Karl Marx is often regarded as a man who led to the rise of 20th century tyrannical dictators such as Stalin and Mao to take power. His ideas are regarded as failures and, by some, are seen asRead MoreKarl Marx And The Communist Manifesto993 Words   |  4 PagesKarl Marx published The Communist Manifesto in 1848, and with it a public warning to capi talists that the entire economic, social and political systems would soon crumble. His prediction continues by stating where society was headed as a result of bourgeoisie economics: a revolution by the workers and the eventual ushering in of socialism. Soon after Marx publicized the reasons communism would come to conquer capitalism, riots, strikes and general unrest surfaced in France – just as he predicted